Biography of James Whitey Bulger

James â€Å"Whitey† Bulger (September 3, 1929–October 30, 2018) was an infamous Irish-American crime boss associated with the Winter Hill Gang in Boston, Massachusetts. He was given the nickname â€Å"Whitey,† a name he greatly detested, because of his pale skin and fair blond hair.  In June 2013, at age 85, he was convicted of dozens of counts of racketeering, including complicity in eleven murders. Fast Facts: James "Whitey" Bulger Known For: Notorious crime boss who led Boston’s Winter Hill Gang in the 1970s and 80sBorn: September 3, 1929 in Everett, MassachusettsParents: James Joseph Bulger Sr. and Jane Veronica Jean BulgerDied: October 30, 2018 in Preston County, West Virginia Early Life Bulger was born in Everett, Massachusetts on September 3, 1929, but later moved to a housing project for low income families in South Boston along with his parents, two sisters, and two brothers. One of his brothers, William, would go on to be the president of the University of Massachusetts as well as of the Massachusetts State Senate. In school, he was cited for being restless and argumentative with both the nuns at his Catholic school and the teachers from his later years in public school. Starting at age 13, Bulger was frequently arrested, sometimes for violent crimes but more often for larceny and other thefts. In many instances, the cases were dismissed, or Bulger was found not guilty, or he won an appeal. In January 1949, Bulger joined the Air Force for nearly four years. Despite being arrested for robbery, rape, desertion (AWOL), and grand larceny, he was never sentenced and instead was honorably discharged from the Air Force in August 1952. Prison Sentence Upon his return from the Air Force, Bulger resumed his criminal behaviors, robbing freight trains and selling the contents on the street. Eventually, he connected with Carl Smith, an Indiana bank robber, with whom he stole tens of thousands of dollars from banks across the United States. Despite dying his hair in an attempt to avoid recognition, Bulger was arrested in a Boston nightclub for armed robbery of the various banks. He willingly named his associates, including Smith, in exchange for leniency. Regardless of this cooperation, he was sentenced to 20 years in a federal penitentiary. He first served in Atlanta Penitentiary where he was a subject of the CIA’s MK-ULTRA experimentation, which researched methods of mind control in exchange for a lessened prison sentence.  He was transferred three times before being granted parole in 1965 after serving nine years. Winter Hill Gang Bulger returned to find Boston in the midst of a gang war. He began working for the Kileen Brothers, then turned on the Kileen gang and began to side with the Mullen Gang, then finally joined the Winter Hill Gang with his close partner Steve Flemmi. In 1971, Bulger and Flemmi were approached by FBI agent John Connolly, who grew up with the Bulgers and even looked up to Whitey’s younger brother Billy. The two gangsters became informants for the FBI, whose main objective was taking down the Italian Mafia. With the protection of the FBI, Bulger began to put out hits on long-standing enemies, knowing that he could easily mislead his handler by pointing to someone else as the perpetrator. Flemmi and Bulger also killed Flemmi’s long term girlfriend Debra Davis, since she knew of their relationship with the FBI. Though she was officially reported missing, the FBI allegedly covered this up and reported that she was seen alive in Texas. Connolly consistently tipped of Bulger and Flemmi to the FBI’s investigations and he became a fierce protector of the two gangsters. Many others within the FBI and the Massachusetts State Police consistently protected them as well. Bulger and Flemmi quickly became the ring leaders of Boston’s organized crime as they took over leadership of the Winter Hill Gang. During this period in the 1980s, they became involved in arms trafficking, further racketeering, and extortion of drug dealers, among other things. He was especially involved in supporting the Irish Republican Army by sending caches of arms and ammunition to the Irish terrorist organization. Downfall and Manhunt In 1994, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Massachusetts State Police, and the Boston Police began investigating Bulger and his associates for gambling charges (not any of the murders). Connolly, who had since retired, warned Bulger about the impending arrest. Bulger fled Boston in December 1994. Flemmi refused to flee and was imprisoned, but cooperated with the authorities understanding that he was protected as an FBI informant as long as he did not admit to any murders. However, Bulger’s other associates, realizing that Flemmi would name them in his testimony, told investigators about the murders that took place throughout the 1970s and 1980s. John Martorano and Kevin Weeks provided most of the information which also led to the realization that the FBI had been instrumental in covering up many of the murders. In 1999, former agent Connolly was arrested for alerting Flemmi and Bulger to the FBI’s impending arrest. A year later, he was charged for racketeering and second degree murder, since the information he provided the two men led to their decision to kill the two men whom were under investigation for ties to the Winter Hill Gang. He was given a 10 year federal sentence and 40 year state sentence. During this period, Bulger was still at large with his girlfriend Catherine Greig. For 16 years, he moved around the U.S., Mexico, and Europe without capture. He was eventually found and captured in his Santa Monica apartment after an intense media campaign in which he was consistently featured on programs such as America’s Most Wanted. Convictions and Death Bulger was ultimately convicted of 31 counts of racketeering, after he pled not guilty to 32. Of these counts he was also charged for 11 out of the 19 murders that he was indicted for. On November 23, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences plus 5 more years. He has also been indicted in Oklahoma and Florida, but the two states have yet to pursue a trial which could end in the death penalty. At age 85, Bulger entered United States Penitentiary Coleman II in Sumterville, Florida. On October 29, 2018, he was transferred to the Federal Penitentiary in West Virginia. The next morning, he was killed by multiple inmates at the penitentiary. James â€Å"Whitey† Bulger’s legacy remains that of a notorious Boston crime boss who kept relationships with both state police and the FBI, which allowed him to conduct massive criminal operations for decades. Although Bulger made claims that he was never an FBI informant, a litany of witness testimony and other evidence contradicts these assertions. Because of his association with the FBI, Bulger lost much of his prestige within crime circles and is sometimes referred to as the King Rat. Sources Cullen, Kevin. Whitey Bulger: Americas Most Wanted Gangster and the Manhunt That Brought Him to Justice. Norton, 2013.â€Å"Whitey Bulger Bio Profiles Bostons Most Notorious Gangster.† New Hampshire Public Radio, 2014, www.nhpr.org/post/whitey-bulger-bio-profiles-bostons-most-notorious-gangster#stream/0.â€Å"Whitey Bulger: The Capture of a Legend.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Aug. 2013, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/us/bulger-timeline.html#/#time256_7543.

Dante s The Divine Comedy - 1908 Words

In the Divine Comedy, more specifically Inferno, Dante as a person changes. Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy in the early 1300s in his early 30s. In the beginning of the book Dante mentions being midway through his life. Now, Dante is a religious man, and has read the entire Bible. In the book of Psalms within the Bible, God says that a man’s life is three score and a decade, or seventy years. Using this information, we can gather that Dante is 35 years old at the start of Inferno. In his Divine Comedy, Dante journeys through all the different levels of Hell with his guide Virgil keeping him safe and informed. There are nine circles of Hell, each descending into the next, with every lower circle containing a worse punishment for a†¦show more content†¦In the second circle, we have those who were lustful in life. The punishment for these sinners is to be constantly, violently tossed around by a massive storm, which prevents them from â€Å"getting in the mood.† Here we also see the ruins of Hell below the storm, the ruination caused by the coming of Jesus. When he came, it created a massive earthquake in Hell, which destroyed and damaged many parts of it. The third circle houses those who are guilty of Gluttony, or being so focused on habits and focusing on the wrong things in life that they ignored God. These people are forced to live in a very cold, very gross, putrescent slush. They are also constantly hunted by Cerberus, who either eats and digests them (as they are dead already, they survive this process) or crushes them under his massive weight. As mentioned earlier, each circle holds sinners that are considered â€Å"worse† than others. In this case, that means that God weighs poor habits as worse than Lust. Many people do not share this opinion, and by this time, few people consider Gluttony a sin at all. The circle of Lust is higher than the circle of Gluttony, which would give the impression that Gluttony is worse than Lust. Both sides can be argued, however. Seeing Lust as Gluttony makes sense, as, at first glance, it would seem that Lust would take over someone’s life much easier than bad habits. However, it is also understandable toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dante s Divine Comedy 1362 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Bauerle English 12 22 December 2016 Purgatory Purgatory is part number two in Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’. This was written in 1300. Although the story is rather ancient and rare, when looking at the spiritual story with a logical mindset it has the ability to connect with today. The connection I was able to find behind Dante’s work of art was the psychological and geographical impact. ‘The Divine Comedy’ contains real life morals; Dante’s work is far more than just a spiritual afterlife poem seriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante s Divine Comedy 1201 Words   |  5 PagesChampion Dante’s Divine Comedy PSYC 455 12 April 2017 Hell and God’s Love Dante Alighieri lived during the late 13th and early 14th century in Florence Italy. It was during a time when the Guelphs and Ghibellines were rivals and the Guelphs split into two different groups known as the Whites and Blacks. Dante was part of the Whites and was later exiled from Florence. During Dante’s life he had many friends and foes, which he places in his Divine Comedy. 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In reference to Dante’s Divine Comedies unless we can read the original Italian words, we are dependent on the translator’s interpretation of Dante’s words to guide us on the correct path of analyzing the literature. This leaves lots of room for error and miscommunication which couldRead MoreCritical Interpretation On Dante s Divine Comedy1596 Words   |  7 Pages Within the last century or so, much of the critical interpretation on Dante’s Divine Comedy has been part of what is sometimes called symbolic literature. Symbolistic literature usually contains superimposed ideas conceive by the writer’s imagination, which is based on a collection of religious and culturally opinionated ideas that the poet used to fashion the story but does not literally invent. The poet’s view of the world is skewed by the time in which they live, the way they were brought upRead MoreSaint Augustine And Dante s Divine Comedy1275 Words   |  6 Pagespractices. 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Dante as a character develops his personality as he nears Heaven, which makes him consider Virgil to be less

Epidemiological and Statistical Terminology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Epidemiological and Statistical Terminology. Answer: Introduction: Medications are the most commonly used treatment measure in the healthcare that contributes to the significant improvement in healthcare setting when used effectively (ACSQHC, 2013). However, the use of medication may also be linked with certain harm and hence the nurses should adapt varied techniques to prevent medication and non medication-related errors while caring patients in practice area (emergencies, medical/surgical ward) (Douglas, 2017, Athanasakis, 2012). In this report, two articles were systematically analyzed to evaluate the extent to which the research methods applied are trustworthy, appropriate and relevant (Steen, 2011). In a critique, assessment of the study-title gives valuable information about the study. Moreover, a title should be concise, clear and should portray the fundamental nature of the study; which is evident in both articles (Polit, 2016). The abstract of both articles gives valuable insight into the studys complexity (Iverson, 2014). Literature review involves critical summary of the studies related to the topic of interest which is prepared to contextualise the study problem as evidenced in both articles that focuses on medication-related and non medication-related error studies. In a research-study, identifying the study problem and formulating the study steps as per hypothesis is critical (Fink 2013). It is evident that both articles have appropriately identified their problem based on the PICO (Problem/population, Intervention/experimentation, Comparison/control and Outcome) framework. Both studies have provided an appropriate, accurate and understandable purpose to assess the effectiveness of interventions in minimizing the medication and non-MAEs as advised by Iverson (2014). Objectives are the specific accomplishments that are framed to achieve what the researchers have decided to enquire (Polit, 2016). Both have presented concise, adequate and achievable objectives. Hypothesis that is a predicted/expected relationship between study-variables were not found in these articles (Moule, 2013). Research methodology is defined as the techniques that are utilized to structure a study as well as to gather and analyze data in a systematic manner (Polit, 2016). It is evident in both articles from their structural fashion by utilizing adequate research methods along with sequential discussion in the study-text (Panneerselvam, 2014). Research design is considered as the integral part of methodology as it is the overall plan for research study that addresses the research question; including specifications for improving the studys integrity (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). In both articles, quantitative design is used that enables comparison of two treatments (Yartsev, 2017). In Article-A, non-randomized design with one-group comparing pre- as well as post-outcome variables was used which is a quasi-experimental design that is used to draw causal impact of intervention on target population without randomization (THS, 2015). While, cluster randomized control-trails (RCT) was adopted in Article-B which is a true experimental design with manipulation; control and randomization. They have selected cluster design to reduce contamination during the implementation of intervention and hence Article-Bs design is better than A (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). Data collection is the process by which data is gathered to address the research problem and the device used to collect data is called as instrument (LoBiondo-Wood 2014). In Article-A, the use of pre- and post-tests, survey (Likert scale) and identifying the no. of MAEs through chart reviewing and safety reports (voluntary) is appropriate. Similarly, in Article-B, the use of structured survey, Likert scales and structured direct-observations is adequate. Target population is defined as an entire group of population; the researcher is interested to propose study as well as generalize the study-findings (THS, 2015). The target population of the nurses working in the ED of a tertiary-care centre, U.S in Article-A and nurses working in 4 medical 4 surgical wards of Adelaide hospital, Australia in Article-B is adequate. Fink (2013) emphasises that samples are the part of the population that represents the entire population. Selection of 95 nurses in pretest while 84 in both tests; 81 in pre-survey while 73 in post-survey; 299 pre-charts while 295 post-charts in Article-A indicate possible 10% attrition. They used convenience sampling that involves selecting the volunteering participants but it may cause self-selection bias. They have given a educational flip-chart along with slide-show titled Preventing medication intravenous administrational errors to reduce MAEs. In Article-B, the selection of 70 nurses in control and 77 nurses in experimental group is adequate for a RCT. They used stratified random sampling by stratifying the wards (clusters) by area (medical/ surgical) in 1:1 ratio among which 2 wards of each area were randomly allocated to receive the intervention as advised by Polit (2016). The experimental group nurses were trained to wear a vest during administration of medication with educational intervention while control group was blinded to the intervention. . Validity is the degree to which the inferences made in the research-study are accurate. Internal validity is defined as the extent to which the intervention (independent variable) has inferred, rather than confounding variables causing observer effect (Polit, 2016). In both articles, the researchers have quoted varied studies to specify the existence of causal relationship between intervention and outcome. They have tried to prove the internal-validity by finding statistical-difference between pre-test and post-test group in Article-A while control and interventional group in Article-B. But, no statistical difference was found in Article-A which underestimates the studys validity. External validity is the extent to which the inferences regarding the relationships that are observed about the setting variations, subjects and study-duration and/or study-outcomes has to be accounted (Houser, 2011). Both studies were conducted in the same setting, while in Article-B, nurses working in varied type were analysed which may question external validity in Article-B. Measurement validity is the extent to which the measurement-instrument measures what it is subjected to measure (Fink, 2013). There are no evidence of validity and reliability assessment of the study-instruments in both articles. In Article-A, only face validity was taken which questions the study-validity whereas in Article-B, structured survey was conducted but no evidence of reliability. Blinding is the technique used to prevent the subjects participating in the study from obtaining information about study-participants, intervention and/or researchers/investigators in-order to reduce possible bias (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). In Article-B, control nurses were blinded to the studys aim as well as to the intervention at the baseline which suggests that Article-B findings are more trustworthy than Article-A. The statistical analysis that involves the organization as well as analysis of information by utilizing statistical measures as descriptive and inferential measures were employed (NewCombe, 2012). In Article-A, Knowledge test (n=84) showing 92% with perfect scores in post-test while 69% in the pre-test (P=0.0001, p0.05) indicates that the difference is statistically significant. In behavior-survey, the post-survey response is higher than pre-survey response (P=0.98) which is statistically insignificant and in-regard to chart review, little difference was noted between number and percentage of MAEs in pre (n=287) with 25% vs 24% in post (n=296) at P=0.78 which is also statistically insignificant while the number of voluntarily-reported MAEs has fallen from 1.28 to 0.99/1000 ED-patients. The finding of Article-B indicates that the baseline interruptions are 57/100 administrations with 87.9% of non-MAEs and the unrelated medication interruptions was significantly reduced in interventional ward from 50/100 administrations (CI-95%:45-55) to 34/100 (CI-95%:30-38) as evidenced in Kliger (2012). Controlling for clustering shows that the drug interruption was significantly-reduced to 15/100 administrations than in control wards. Among interventional nurses, only 48% have supported to implement this intervention as a hospital policy as using vests consumes time; cumbersome as well as hot. The analysis in both articles suggests that the researchers have done an in-depth scrutinizing of informations as per their study-outcomes and have also tested hypothesis. The aim of conducting any study is to find-out appropriate solutions for the selected problem and also to disseminate the trustworthy findings (Polit, 2016). Article-As findings indicate that the intervention implemented has enhanced the knowledge of improved medication administration but hasnt been translated into practice. Use of instruments without validity assessment; single ED setting; convenience sampling method (causing self-selection bias) with chances for 10% attrition in post-survey (absence of 8 nurses in post-survey) questions the studys applicability. In-spite of disadvantages, the educational intervention can be employed in nursing practice to enhance medication safety to some extent (with basic ideas) by minimizing MAEs. Article-Bs findings show that the intervention has statistically reduced the number of non-MAEs which is similar to Keers (2013). But, the study was conducted in single setting which questions applicability in other settings. In-spite of blinding, about 30% of control nurses have informed that they were aware of the use of vest by the interventional wards which could affect the nurses behavior. Further, observation of participant-nurses could have increased consciousness of interruptions. Additionally, the influence of interruptions on MAEs and patient harms was not assessed. Despite these limitations, Article-B findings can be utilized in wards as it is an RCT. However, the intervention technique could be little modified as only 40% of nurses has accepted it to be their hospital policy. In conclusion, all the major findings that are related to the study aims should be discussed by relating to the hypothesis (Polit, 2016). The conclusions of both articles are found to relate to the findings logically. No distortions were attempted in fitting their pre-conceived ideas. They have mentioned about the advantages as well as disadvantages of these studies as given by Boswell (n. d.). They have given their recommendations for future studies along with its applicability in nursing practice. Thus, conclusions given in these studies are appropriate. To conclude, both Articles A B have utilized experimental design to rule out the effectiveness of their intervention in reducing MAEs and non-MAEs. Though their attempt to promote medication safety had equivocal results, their findings have inculcated in-depth insight about medication process. Despite certain demerits that are evident in these studies, their findings can be utilized in future studies. Reference Blank, F. S. J., Tobin, J., Macomber, S., Jaouen, M., Dinoia, M., Visintainer, P. (2011). A Back to Basics Approach to Reduce ED Medication Errors. JEN: Journal of Emergency Nursing, 37(2), 141-147. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2009.11.026 Article B Westbrook, J. I., Ling, L., Hooper, T. D., Raban, M. Z., Middleton, S., Lehnbom, E. C. (2017). Effectiveness of a 'Do not interrupt' bundled intervention to reduce interruptions during medication administration: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Quality Safety, 26(9), 734-742. doi:10.1136/bmjqs***********3 . ACSQHC- Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (2013), Literature Review: Medication Safety in Australia. ACSQHC, Sydney. Athanasakis, E. (2012). Prevention of medication errors made by nurses in clinical practice. Health Science Journal, 6(4), 773-783. Boswell, C. (n. d). Chapter14: The research critique process and the evidence based appraisal process. Retrieved from https://samples.jbpub.com/9781284079654/9781284108958_CH14_Pass03.pdf Douglas, H. E. (2017), Improving our understanding of multi-tasking in healthcare: drawing together the cognitive psychology and healthcare literature. App Ergon, 59, 4555. Fink, A. (2013). Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1483301036 Houser, J. (2011). Nursing Research. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1449677444 Iverson, K.M. (2014). Women veterans preferences for intimate partner violence screening and response procedures within the Veterans Health Administration. Research in Nursing and Health, 37, 302-311 Keers, R. (2013). Prevalence and nature of medication administration errors in health care settings: a systematic review of direct observational evidence. Ann Pharmacother, 47, 23756. Kliger, J. (2012). Spreading a medication administration intervention organizationwide in six hospitals. Jt Comm J Qual Pt Safety, 38, 5160. LoBiondo-Wood, G Haber, J. (2014). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0323100864 Moule, P Goodman, M.(2013).Nursing Research: An Introduction. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1446293521 Newcombe, R.G. (2012). Confidence Intervals for Proportions and Related Measures of Effect Size. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1439812780 Panneerselvam, R. (2014). Research Methodology. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8120349466 Polit, D.F Beck, C.T. (2016). Nursing Research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: New Delhi. Steen, M. Roberts, T. (2011).The handbook of midwifery research. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. THS. (2015). Epidemiology- Glossary of Epidemiological and Statistical Terminology: Tropical Health Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.tropicalhealthsolutions.com/statsglossary Yartsev, A. (2017).Advantages and disadvantages of RCT. Retrieved from https://www.derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-eading/research -methods -and-statistics/Chapter%202.0.2/advantages-and-disadvantages-randomised-control-study-design